After having come back to Skyrim after a while, I also decided to get into patching it so it looks awesome. There are many options for this both through Steam, through the Skyrim Nexus, and elsewhere. However, I have limited myself to pretty much just Steam for a few things, and Skyrim Nexus for most other patching. I thought I'd post links here to help others along as well, set into categories.
Most of the links given will have links to install the mod with the Nexus Mod Manager, which makes customizing, fixing, and updating stuff much easier.
Category The First: Awesome Environments
1. Skyrim HD Textures:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/607
There is the LITE version, and the FULL version, both of which strongly upgrade the existing Skyrim textures, even the HD ones (and, it fixes the fire ember issue with the regular HD textures as well). Despite my laptop being fairly powerful, I'm currently running the LITE version. My PC can run the FULL one, but framerate slows down too much, and in gameplay, you only notice the difference between the two up close.
2. WATER (Water And Terrain Enhancement Redux):
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/13268
Fixes waterfalls and other forms of running water to look much more natural.
3. Sharpshooter's ENB:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/15105
ENB files are shading & lighting enhancements to make for a much better-looking experience. There are quite a few quality choices out there, but I settled on Sharpshooters both because it works well in all environments, and because downloading it can be managed through the Nexus Mod Manager.
4. Natural Skyrim Rain:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/8395
Changes how rain & storms act in Skyrim to be much more realistic, and nice-looking besides.
5. Raindrops Deluxe HR:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/25484
A complement to the Natural Skyrim Rain mod, this makes all the raindrops and rain impacts use much higher-quality textures.
6. Quality Snowflakes:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/7405
A natural match for the rain mods, this makes the snowfall look that much better.
7. Project Parallax - Roads & Bridges:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/18814
A relatively small thing, but using parallax maps for certain things in Skyrim really does make it look nicer. There are other Parallax enhancements from the same author, but most of them are not NMM-capable as of yet.
8. Dragon Glyphs HD:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/27095
A relatively minor thing, but this makes those places in Skyrim where you get shouts look that much nicer.
9. Alternative Smoke:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/7231
To my eyes, this makes all the smoke in the game look that much better.
10. Lush Grass:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/3288
What It Says On The Tin. It really does make grass look better, but causes a minor performance hit in grassy areas.
11. Lush Trees:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/3385
What It Says On The Tin. It really does make grass look better, but causes a minor performance hit in areas with lots of trees.
Category The Second: Gameplay Enhancements
12. Better Dialog Controls:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/27371
This makes using the keyboard and mouse in menus work less... weirdly at times, and more as one might expect.
13. Better MessageBox Controls:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/28170
A natural complement, this makes message boxes act using Y and N, and allows using WASD and arrow keys more naturally.
14. Better Vampires:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/9717
Allows fine control over vampiric conditions (and even lets you infect followers). Useful even if you don't play as a vampire much.
15. Dragons Diversified:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/13930
Adds several new types of dragons from the random table used to generate them when they spawn, and all of them are very interesting ideas - and fun as hell to fight against.
16. Follower Trap Safety:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/11609
LYDIA STOP SETTING OFF TRAPS FOR THE LOVE OF TALOS
17. Glowing Ore Veins:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/193
There is another mod available through Steam and through SkyrimNexus that serves the same basic purpose, that makes all untapped ore deposits glow like ice. It makes finding the ore much easier, but it's rather disruptive to the whole immersion of gameplay experience. This mod simply retextures the ore veins with much more obvious signs that you can mine, without looking ugly or like a giant crackrock embedded in the ground.
18. Ultimate Follower Overhaul:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/14037
Allows more than one companion at once (up to 15 I think, but I haven't tested anywhere near that high), and allows better control over companion AI. Rather useful, all around.
Category The Third: Pure Cosmetics
To start with, there are many options out there to enhance female bodies, and they basically boil down to "pick one between UNP and CBBE." I won't get into that debate here, but basically UNP is newer and supports a "natural" female bodytype. CBBE has been around longer, and is more customizable for female figures, but it's also infamous for letting females have breasts larger than their heads.
There are many options for either, I just suggest looking into both and deciding - there are armor replacements and other enhancements for both UNP and CBBE. So, with all that said, moving on:
19. Fine Hair HQ:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/7627
Makes the greasy-looking regular hair in Skyrim at least look a bit better.
20. No More Blocky Faces:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/30
Makes many minor enhancements to character faces that make them... less blocky. Surprise.
21. Apachii SkyHair:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/10168
HD Hairstyle additions (for both men & women), and beard retextures (for men only, thankfully).
22. Oblivion Hairstyles HD:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/22598
Adds high quality Oblivion hairstyles to Skyrim.
22. Better Males:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/2488
If you upgrade the women in Skyrim and don't install something like this, there will be a hilarious disparity of graphical textures between men & women.
23. Women of Skyrim:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/25588
There are many, many mods out there to improve the looks of women. This mod contains pretty much all the best ones in one package.
Category the Fourth: The Unmanaged Ones
There's pretty much just one mod I use that requires a manual install, and it's a texture map to make women's skin look much better. There are many other skin textures out there, but these two look the best out of what I've found.
24. Barbarian/Milkdrinker Skin for Females:
http://skyrim.nexusmods.com/mods/24318
Be mindful, this skin texture is optimized for the UNP female bodytype. There are other options out there for CBBE users of just as high quality (such as navetsea's), but I haven't looked into them for a while. What the Barbarian/Milkdrinker skin options give are a tanned & muscular, or pale & smooth options for your character's skin.
---
===
---
So, what does all of this add up to, you ask? Here are some examples - judge for yourself, and keep in mind that still images do not do the results justice.