LibriumArcana.Games

theregister.co.uk wrote:You might think the dragnet surveillance tactics employed by the National Security Agency (NSA) detailed by inside man Edward Snowden were born in the aftermath of Osama Bin Laden's 9/11 attacks on the twin towers in New York City and CIA building in Washington DC. You'd be wrong.

The roots of today's surveillance state lie in an early 20th century conflict, not the destruction of two supposed symbols of American power in the 21st.

According to US military and intelligence historian Lon Strauss, mass surveillance in the US dates from America's entry to World War I. This was a conflict famed for its grinding trench warfare, not intel-driven tactical strikes.

Strauss, visiting assistant professor at Appalachian State University, has written and lectured widely on the subject of US intelligence and surveillance during that conflict and is now producing a book provisionally titled Uncle Sam is Watching: Surveillance of Civilians in the First World War. He took time out from writing to chat to The Reg.

Specifically, according to Strauss at least, it was the passing of US Espionage Act of 1917 that started everything. This piece of legislation laid the foundation for other laws regarding intelligence practices in what became the broad reach of the federal government - including the White House.

US Congress passed the Espionage Act two months after declaring war on Germany, with the intent of curbing dissent mainly from socialists and pacifists - groups deemed either “un-American” or seen as German sympathisers.

The types of surveillance introduced were not necessarily new in and of themselves, but what was different was their "application on such a large scale by a government agency", Strauss told El Reg.

The United States, like other nations, had industrialised the way it waged military war, and now it was industrialising the way it fought the intelligence war.

Strauss tells us:

Government agencies, such as the Bureau of Investigation, Military Intelligence Division, and Office of Naval Intelligence would put together lists of individuals and groups to keep watch on. They would share these lists with each other and other government agencies, such as the Post Office.
Post Master General Albert S. Burleson used the Post Office as a gatekeeper for censorship. They read Americans' mail and Burleson took the liberty of determining whether literature, publications, and more would be considered mailable. Once, he pulled a copy of a weekly, bi-weekly, or monthly newspaper, newsletter, etc., he could then legally stop mailing them entirely under the regulations concerning such publications.

In this manner, he stopped publications that he considered either pro-German, too socialist, or too pacifist. The Justice Department took the un-mailable status of such literature as part of, or even the core of, their justification for prosecutions against individuals and entities involved. Regardless, Post Office personnel were reading individual and organizational mail and keeping a file.

While Post Office personnel were reading mail, military personnel were breaking into offices and rifling through files. Tapping phone conversation was another approach, and one that was relatively easy at the time. Other tactics included planting agents in the place of work of "suspect organisations" - an approach previously applied against organised labour organisations, Strauss explained.

Military Intelligence agents, along with their civil counter-parts in the Bureau of Investigation, broke into offices at night in clandestine operations, such as against the National Civil Liberties Bureau (NCLB). In one instance, they took information that the NCLB had recently lost their press secretary to put an MID agent undercover by applying the next day for the position.
Military personnel, in uniform, acted on a civil warrant to search the business offices and private residences of International Bible Student's Association in Brooklyn, NY. Military agents tailed and kept unsuspecting citizens under watch as they compiled evidence against them because the military thought them "too" pacifist or socialist for example, and thus might hamper the war effort or negatively influence draft-age men - the Espionage Act of 1917 forbade this.

Since the late 19th Century, it was common practice for private detective agencies and businesses to put men or women undercover among the workers to gauge and undermine their efforts at collective bargaining or outright unionizing. The intelligence agencies of the First World War adopted similar policies. It was common knowledge that a government agents were likely to be in attendance at public or even less intimate private meetings. Speakers at these meetings would often allude to this fact.

Wiretapping was often prevalent, since listening in at switchboards was much easier during this period.

All this surveillance created a wealth of intelligence and the problem became sorting the wheat from the chaff, an issue that has parallels with modern intelligence programmes.

What was most problematic was cutting through the noise of intelligence gathering to locate real threats. Since there wasn't much time to prepare for American entrance and the intelligence community had to hit the road running while expanding exponentially, they relied on their instincts and political/social/cultural compasses.
Thus, men like Burleson overstepped and broadly interpreted the wartime legislation like the Espionage Act or Trading with Enemy Act and invaded civilians' privacy.

Intelligence agents, such as the MID, did the same by breaking into offices without warrants or legal justification beyond their belief that an individual or organization did not meet their definition of patriotic American, etc.

For the United States, the war ended fairly quickly, in 1918, and the military passed along intelligence responsibility to a civilian agency - the Bureau of Investigation, which later became the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI). The problem was events had happened so quickly that no real thought had been given to how to manage the espionage state that WWI had created.

Nobody had created a framework for agencies to work within and in the decades since, the issue of how far government should go with surveillance in the interest of national security has persisted. This has included scaling back after the Watergate Scandal and then ramping up again after 9/11 attack on New York and Washington DC with George W Bush's “War on Terror” spurring the creation of legislation such as the PATRIOT Act and practices detailed by Snowden.

“Those seeds were put in the soil [during WWI], and they grew,” Strauss said. “We’re still questioning: What is the happy medium between this kind of surveillance and our civil liberties during a crisis?”

The response to Snowden has generally gone one of two ways: you're scandalised and outraged or you believe it's simply business as usual - that spies spy. The fact there are even two ways of responding is important because during a national crisis national security is held as paramount - often trumping the democratic beliefs they are supposed to protect. During most national crises, there'd be a tendency bury the outrage and see the situation as acceptable - as business as usual.

What the US government was doing during WWI might have been excused easily by US civilians of the time, who mostly trusted their government, argues Strauss.

"They saw the government as a possible check upon capitalism run rampant, business corruption, poverty and sanitation, vice and so on. Many progressives, while not all agreeing on what social reforms were needed to cure society, agreed that government was the tool that could successfully implement such social reforms," Strauss said.

Importantly, a deep-rooted suspicion against anything that smacked of socialism was also implanted in the American psyche as a result of WWI.

Both facts had profound implications in an environment where there was no framework governing the surveillance state and where surveillance became a key tool of the FBI under its most famous director, J Edgar Hoover. Under Hoover, who was director from 1924 to 1972, the FBI turned from a purely crime-fighting organisation to a surveillance operation and the technology and techniques the US had honed against Germany and perceived German supporters at home were turned on the "enemy within" during World War II and the post-war years of the 1950s, '60s and '70s

Hoover ensured the FBI was in charge of domestic surveillance during the Second World War, once again focusing upon socialists and those he deemed under their influence. The Civil Rights Movement came under surveillance but in many ways this was an extension of the so-called "Negro Subversion Files" - extremely detailed records kept of individuals considered dangerous to the government dating from WWI. In the post-war civil rights era, Hoover kept watch on notables such as Martin Luther King, believing he posed a threat to domestic stability.

Strauss says:

With the military-industrial complex in full swing during the Cold War, partnerships with private businesses, public universities, and more, agents read mail, tapped phones, went undercover, etc. to sniff out dissent, communism, or groups they perceived to be too supportive of civil liberties and freedoms to the detriment of national security. Once again, the same issues as during the First World War reared their ugly head. The same story would play itself out in the 1980s and would pick-up full-swing in the 21st Century with the War on Terror.

9/11 took place 13 years ago, but the consequences of that single act have been so on-going and penetrated so far into our daily consciousness it feels like they have been with us forever - endless war (Afghanistan and Iraq), regional Al-Quaeda attacks, no outside liquids on airliners, taking your trainers off at airport metal detectors. Welcome to the new normal.

It would be easy and convenient to blame US mass surveillance on 9/11, too, but you can't pin that twin-tower attack mastermind Osama Bin Laden. Industrial-scale surveillance is a fact of the modern US. It's just been waiting for another chance to shine.