Ok, math time for those wondering if the explosion was fair.
The barrel is described as mid-thigh in height, this would be a man's thigh and not a troll's. That is roughly 80 cm, give or take, and a barrel is likely to be as 0.75 times as wide as it is high for a 30 cm radius. However this is maximum radius, the average for a tapering barrel might be more like 25 cm.
V_b = PI*r^2*H
V_b = 3.14*25^2*80
V_b = 157000 cubic cm.
The barrel was not full, although it was mostly full. If it was 80% full then the volume of black powder within this barrel would be (roughly):
V_p = V_b*0.80
V_p = 125000 cubic cm.
I was able to find a density for black powder on Wikipedia of 1.7 g per cubic cm. This is for powder subjected to corning, which was commonly used to control its burn rate.
M_p = V_p*1.7
M_p = 212500 g of black powder.
I was able to
find a source claiming black powder has a TNT equivalency of 0.5, but the following formulae require mass be in kg so our 212.5 kg of black powder is equivalent to 106.25 kg of TNT. However I'm loosing track of significant figures here, I'll just call it 100 kg TNT equivalence.
(1 kg is 1000 grams)
This site describes the formulae needed to calculate the overpressure of an explosion by comparing it to TNT, which is a well understood explosive reference.
If you stand 2.3 meters from 1 kg of TNT you will feel 25 psi of peak overpressure, which is excessively lethal, and I used this as my reference overpressure.
The magic formula:
dW = do*W^1/3
"dW" is how far from the explosion of interest you must be to feel the same overpressure you would if you stood "do" distance from 1 kg of TNT.
Basically I'm solving for "dW" I know "do" (it is 2.3 meters) and W is 100 kg, it is our TNT equivalence.
dW = do*W^1/3
dW = 2.3*100^1/3
dW = 10.7 meters.
In other words at 10.7 meters (35 feet) distant from the exploding barrel you will feel an overpressure (peak) of 25 psi.
This source finds the TNT equivalency to be more like 0.25 for pressure specifically; if we use this the distance drops from ~11 meters to a little over 8 meters. This is the LOWEST claim I've found, many more place it in the 40-50% range, and some point out that larger black powder explosions actually approximate TNT more closely. Obviously this is not an exact science.
Either way a 5 psi overpressure will be felt as far as 30 meters away, which is sufficient to collapse most buildings and cause significant casualties. Many people survive a 5 psi overpressure. Many don't. The odds are about 50% either way.
Source.
To conclude, any normal human within ~30 meters (~100 feet) has a 50% chance of dying, and no human within ~11 meters (~35 feet) has a chance of living. Seeing as neither Per nor Agrilos had time to get outside the 20 psi range they should by all rights be dead (assuming they were human). And no, their armor would not help except to ward off shrapnel. Seeing as both survived I'd say they no one is in a position to complain.
By the way, 8 psi will pick up and throw a standing human.